TOPIC 10 - INTEGRATING TEACHING AND LEARNING

Word Processing, electronic spreadsheet and database are important tools to assist you and students in teaching and learning.

This software application is used in various subjects and situations. The use of word processing (such as MS Word)  is appropriate in language subjects and to produce activity reports on projects. Presentations on projects can be done using the presentation application  (such as MS PowerPoint).

BASIC APPLICATIONS OF IT IN TEACHING AND LEARNING 

The learning environment now should be able to prepare students for the future either to enter the workforce or to enter an institution of higher learning. They are able to compete using IT to communicate, cooperate and carry out their everyday tasks.

The traditional educational practice does not provide students with all these skills. The basic skills such as using word processor have been a must for those working in offices. E-mails prove to be important communication tools due to their speed in delivering information.

The integration of IT involves the use of Information Technology to increase the efficiency of teaching and learning. The use of tools such as computers and projectors and software application such as word processing, electronic worksheet, the Internet, course software and others require careful planning and changes in the functions of the teacher, student and classroom.

The Need to Apply IT in Teaching and Learning The use of IT in education has an effect on achieving the learning objectives, motivation and relationship among students. In a study conducted by Knezek (1999) it was found that studentds:


  - Show the ability to think on a higher cognitive level when learning to use the computer. 
 - Able to analyse problems, conduct self-evaluation and pose relevant questions.  
- Form strategies to cooperate with friends 
 - Motivated, more interested and confident of themselves.


Opinions on the Use of IT in Education Perspective about IT in education can be categorised as: 

 Four Perspective Categories about IT Category Details Media and communication  According to Saettler (1990) the use of technology in education focussed  initially on audio visual media.

Nevertheless in the year 1988, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) took an interest in the use of telecommunication and computer-based information technology as a teaching media in education.

Layout system At the end of 1970, there were discussions that technology in education should not only be viewed as a communication media to disseminate information on education but also as a systematic approach to designing, developing and delivering lessons suitable to specific requirements. (Heinich et al. 1997).

Skill training tool The need for the skilled use of the computer hardware in vocational training in schools has led to the view that the practical use of computer-based technology and communication were suitable ways to learn the many branches of subjects such as mathematics, science, language besides other basic tecnological subjects such as  robotics, manufacturing systems and computer aided design.

Technology  related to computers Opinions on the wide use of computers in education has formed a new branch of technology in education that is Educational Computing. Educational computing covers teaching systems and technology support systems based on computers in the form of application and tools.

With this increasing view that covers various technology sources including media, teaching systems and support material, which are computer based, Educational Computing was known as Educational Technology. This view was supported by the  International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE).


THE ROLE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS IN THE USE OF IT IN EDUCATION

„..there are two obvious observat ions. First, the teacher and not technology per se is the focus of any matter in relation to computer technology in schools. Secondly, th e role of the teacher and the education paradigm has to undergo changes  to accommodate the potential of information technology as a problem solving tool and a stimulus for curriculum ch ange." Collins et al. (1996).


The Justification of Using IT in Teaching and Learning  The integration of IT in education has a positive effect on the studentsÊ learning process. A study was conducted by Bracewell (2001) to gauge the effectiveness of IT in education. He categorised the effectiveness of IT education into 14 categories. Seven of them are related to student learning and the other seven are related to teaching. Let us discuss each of the effectiveness.

(a) Learning
 (i) Increase the intellectual level of the students in problem solving, creativity and learning skills.  (ii) Expands and deepens the scope of the lesson content.
 (iii) Increase the interest in studying.
(iv) Increase the focus to carry out activities when using IT.
 (v) Form the interest to carry out investigation as information is easily accessible.
 (vi) Encourage cooperation among students in schools and outside the school.
(vii) Increase the level of information integration.


(b) Teaching 
 (i) The teacher can get materials and help easily and quickly.
(ii) The teacher cooperates during and after school hours.
(iii) The teacher and the students can focus more on planning the learning process to enhance learning activities.
 (iv) The teacher guides and interacts more with the students.
(v) The teaching and learning process is seen as a continuous exploration process.
(vi) Learning evaluation becomes more challenging.
 (vii) Diagnostic evaluation focuses more on the specific weaknesses of students.


The Effects on the Functions of theTeacher, Student and the Classroom The integration of IT in educaton has a great impact on the functions of the teacher, student and the use of space in the classroom. The teacher cannot remain as an imparter of knowledge as information technology allows the latest information to be accessed  easily. This causes changes in learning activities. Now we will discuss the functions of the teacher, student and the classroom.

(a) The function of a teacher

The teacher plays an important role in teaching and learning. Below are the functions of a teacher.


 Functions of a Teacher Details Teacher as a student
 Teachers have to accept the fact that students nowadays are more skilled and confident in using technology such as IT and thus  from time to time they have to learn this knowledge from their students.

Teacher as a facilitator 
 Teachers  as  facilitators not only focus  on their specialised subjects, but also guide students in the learning activity, problem solving and updating lesson content.

Teacher as a learning partner 
 The integration of IT in educations involves learning based on projects which requires the teachers to cooperate with the students in making the project as success.

 Teacher as material designer 
 Teachers have to give more focus on creating teaching and learning materials such as worksheets, notes and guides.

 Teacher as a researcher 
 Teachers do more re-evaluation after teaching and with the aid of IT-related teaching materials they can plan to improve studentsÊ learning.

Teacher as IT trainee 

As the field of IT is fast developing, teachers have to continuously equip themselves by obtaining continuous training in pedagogy and technology.
Teacher as a member of the teacherÊs group
Through Internet forums, teachers can obtain various new ideas by sharing experiences and information among themselves.


Function of the Student 
The functions of teachers and students complement each other. If the teacher functions as a facilitator, the students have to be independent to search for information and be more responsible towards their learning.

 Functions of a student 

Functions of a student Details Students as teachers 
 The IT-based learning activities encourage selflearning where students have to search for and share information with other students.  Students as learning partners
 In activities involving projects, students have to work with other students and teachers. This is evident in elearning where students are involved in discussions through forums. In student groups, they often allocate roles such as head of group, secretary, presenter and so on.


Functions of the Classroom

IT based learning often takes place in computer laboratories. However, with the project to supply computer hardware to schools, teaching and learning can take place in the classroom. In schools that conduct IT in education, changes are noticed in the classroom (Eadie, 2001).  Among the changes that take place are:

 Functions of the Classroom 

Functions of the classroom Details Classroom arrangement
 Tables and chairs are not arranged in the usual manner facing the teacher who stands in front of the class. Chairs are placed such for group work.     For classes that have computers, the tables can be arranged so that the computer can be shared by other students.  Hardware Sharing
 Most schools canÊt afford to buy computer hardware for each student or each class. Special space is allocated either inside or outside the class for computer sharing.  Besides that, teaching and learning using one or a few computers can be done effectively.  A computer laboratory is another way of hardware sharing in Malaysian schools.


 Standard Characteristics of  Teachers and Students from the Aspect of IT Application
To carry out IT integration in teaching and learning, the teachers have to equip themselves with the skills to use technology.

International Society fo r Technology in Education (ISTE) has drawn a few useful guidelines  for teachers in the National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers (NETSoT). There are 23 guidelines that are categorised into six, and they are:

(a) Operation and Technology Concept  Teachers must have the knowledge, skills and basic understanding related to technology and are able to increase their information according to their needs and the development of technology.


Planning and Developing a Learning Environment and Experience  Teachers should know how to plan and use technology to meet the needs of a variety of studentsÊ learning ability as well as identifying and evaluating learning resources.  

 (c) Teaching, Learning and  the Curriculum   Teachers implement the curriculum including the various technology based methods and strategies to improve learning.  (d) Testing and Evaluation   Teachers vary testing and evaluation strategies including the analysis and interpretation of data collected.

(e) Productivity and Profesionalism  Teachers use technology to increase profesionalisme and continuous learning and the use of resources to enhance skills in teaching and learning.
 (f) Social Issues, Ethics, Law and Humanities  Teachers understand social issues, law and humanities to create a conducive and safe environment for students from all walks of life.


 (a) Creativity and Innovation Students should show thinking skills creatively, increase knowledge, create products and processes using technology.
   (b)  Communication and Collaborativeness Students have to use digital media, the environment and even through distance learning to communicate and cooperate so  as to contribute to other students.
 (c)  Research and Information Usage  Students use technology to access, evaluate and use information.
 (d)  Creative Thinking, Problem Solving and Decision Making  Students use critical thinking skills to plan and carry out research, manage projects, solve problems and make decisions using technology and digital resources.
  (e)  Digital Citizens   Students understand culture, communal issues related to technology, law and ethics.

A VIDEO ON INTEGRATED LEARNING AND TEACHING IN PHILIPPINES SCHOOLS

TOPIC 9- EVALUATION OF THE CATL SOFTWARE

Before you use the CATL course software in teaching and learning, you need to ensure that it is suitable for the content in the lesson to be delivered and also to the students. More importantly, it should benefit the students in terms of achieving the lesson objectives. 


Evaluation is a principle to measure achievement systematically. (Robiah Sidin, 1992). Evaluation on the CATL software is important because it can ascertain its effectiveness in teaching and learning.

Although the evaluation of the CATL software needs time to carry out, it is vital to ensure that only the right software is used in schools to achieve the set objectives. Failure in evaluation will result in the failure in implementing the CATL course software optimumly.  (Shaifol, 2003).  

Evaluation has to cover a number of aspects so that its weaknesses can be identified and and an accurate selection is carried out. The aspect that is evaluated depends on the reasons for evaluation. Evaluation is done to: 

(a) Measure Suitability  When you measure the softwareÊs suitability for teaching and learning, it will help you to make a right selection. You have to take into consideration whether the software can help them achieve the learning objective, whether it is easy to use and if the software will interest the students.   

 As a consumer, the studentsÊ participation is important so that they can make accurate conclusions and not based on assumptions. Evaluation is also focussed on the advantages of the software over other ordinary methods, extra material that needs to be prepared by students and if the teacher can have more time to interact effectively with other students. 

(b) Giving Feedback This entails giving feedback to the designer and creator of the software. The software developer is more interested in technical matters such as: 

 SELECTING A SUITABLE SOFTWARE 

 The Need to Select a Software Presently, the development of the course software has been made easy by a few user-friendly programming software. This allows the developer to develop a course software that is attractive due to various interactive media.

This course software is developed for a specific targert group with a specific objective. Hence, as a teacher, you have to evaluate and subsequently select the suitable software that can fulfil the needs of the students. Without careful selection, you might end up selecting the following kinds of software:

 One that does not achieve the teaching and learning objectives.  One that is not in line with teh teaching and learning curriculum.  One that is insensitive to the culture and religion of students.  One that is not suitable for the studentsÊ age.


The Criteria for Selection  In making the selection of course software, you have to make sure it qualifies all the important criteria. There are a number of methods that can be used to evaluate a course software such as:

  (a) The Learning Object Review Instrument (LORT) suggested  by E-Learning Research and Assessment Network, Canada.

(b)
ESL Software Evaluation Form suggested by Robb, T. (1996).

(c)
Buyers Worksheet suggested by Planning and Evaluation Service, U.S. Department of Education (2002).

Criterias suggested are categorised into three that are:  (a) Content (b) Technical Aspect (c) Documentation

 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION PROCESS

  Evaluation of software development  is a continuous process performed during the developmental stage. Evaluation is carried out at the end of the developmental process to ensure it is suitable for students and it achieves the set objectives.

The Evaluation Stage in the development of ADDIE course software model that was learnt in Topic 8 suggests two types of evaluation that is the formative evaluation and the summative evaluation.

Formative Evaluation

Formative Evaluation is a continuous process that has to be done during the developmental process. The information obtained is used to increase the efficiency of the course software.

Formative Evaluation can be done in three stages that are:
Small Group  In this stage, the evaluator works closely with two or three teachers. (Golas, 1983). The Evaluator will discuss, give opinions and subsequently observe how teachers interact with the software. Information about aspects such as clarity, effects and accomplishment will be gathered.

 Clarity Instructions and messages 
have to be clear and easily understood. This includes messages sent through text, illustrations and demonstrations. The lesson content is also clear and follows a suitable arrangement.

Effect 
The contents of the lesson have to be delivered in an interesting and relevant way suitable for the target group.

Accomplishment 
The tools needed for the course software must be easy to understand and use and students must be comfortable with the said software. Cost is another factor to consider in deciding if the software can be implemented. Hence, the developmental cost has to be reduced so that consumers and schools can afford to buy the course software

Big Group At this stage, a group of teachers will decide that the correction done is based on the information gathered at the first stage. The number of teachers at this stage is about 10 who will evaluate the course software based on the course guidelines. This differs with the small group stage whereby the evaluator and teacher evaluate together.  

 Testing  The final stage of formative evaluation is to test the software as in their real state.  Before starting this evaluation stage, all correction has to be done based on the previous stages.

Attachments A, B and C show sample instruments that can be used to carry out formative evaluation.  These instruments can be modified according to the needs.


 Summative Evaluation 
Summative Evaluation is done at the end of the development process and it is used to ascertain if the objective set has been achieved.

It is a data compilation process to ensure if what is sent through by the course software is in line with the teaching and learning objectives.  Summative evaluation is also used to measure the achievement based on the objectives of the course software as well as the studentsÊ attitudes after using the said software.

Apart from evaluating studentsÊ achievement, opinions of specialist, students and teachers are necessary for corrective purposes for the following versions:

(a) SpecialistÊs Opinion is necessary to ensure that the course software conforms to the technical requirements such as video and audio quality.

(b) StudentÊs Evaluation on the other hand, aims at obtaining information about software from the consumerÊs point of view.

 (c) TeacherÊs Evaluation aims at getting information related to the course software content. For example suitability of the media used and the quality of the test questions.

TOPIC 8 - COMPUTER AIDED TEACHING AND LEARNING (CATL)

Computer Aided Teaching and Learning (CATL) is an important method in the teaching and learning process. CATL, if carried out with careful thought and planning, can produce an effective and high quality learning. Students will be able to learn actively and independently. CATL will usually covers specific course topics and delivers them in an  interactive way to the students. 

Computer Aided Teaching and Learning (CATL) teaching and learning conducted  using course software to be conducted through the Internet.  

CATL is also known as CATL is also known as 

(a) Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) in America;  

or (a) Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) in America;  

or (b) Computer Aided Learning (CAL) in United Kingdom. 

History of the Development of CATL CATL is based on the method of  programmed instruction  where teaching is carried out in stages. The students are first exposed to the concepts and facts, followed by related questions. Subsequently, new concepts and facts are taught before they are questioned on what they have been previously taught. This process continues till the end of the lesson.  

Programmed instruction initially used printed material. However, with the advancement of computer technology, it was replaced by the computer. Actually the use of CATL started systematically with the start of the PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operation) project carried out by University of Illinois in  1960.   

Apart from PLATO, there are other famous projects like WICAT, CONDUIT, NDPCAL dan TICCIT. 

Advantages of CATL The Curriculum Development Centre in their effort to encourage the use of CATL course software in schools have listed a number of advantages of CATL in that it is able to:  

Do you feel that CATL is effective? LetÊs see what has been said by Alessi & Trollip (1991). According to them, CATL that is conducted well will increase the effectiveness of learning.  

For example, in a simulation software or game, students will learn actively by interacting with the software. Active learning will increase the level of thinking to a higher level, for example analysis, synthesis and evaluation.   

Apart from that CATL allows students: 

• Increase understanding and ability of students in their studies;

  • Increase motivation of students in learning;

 • Create a fun and challenging study environment;  

• Conduct difficult, expensive, impossible and dangerous experiments; and  

• Form cooperative learning and provide opportunities to students to learn effectively through minimum guidance and reduce interactive time.   

 Use a variety of media that can stimulate their senses; 

• Revise learning as much as possible;  

 • Control the running of the software course and select the sectins that is felt necessary; and  

• Give immediate response especially in CATL exercises or evaluation.   

 COMPUTER AIDED TEACHING AND LEARNING CONTENTS

 The objective of the lesson will determine the contents and activities of the CATL software course. Hence, the developer of the CATL course soft imware has 

plement the best teaching activities so that its objective is achieved.  

a course software.

The Gagne Teaching Model (1981) is often referred to in creating a course software and this involves nine levels of teaching.  The levels of teaching can also be used in the evaluation of 

To capture attention  are use The lesson must be started in an interesting manner to capture the attention and interest of students. Some of the course softw video or audio combines interesting animation or graphics

To inform the objective to the  students so that they are prepared to receive what is being taught. 

students 

The aim of the lesson must be clear to the To recall previous knowledge 

Students have to be encouraged to recall previous knowledge. Among the ways to do this is to ask students to answer a number of brief questions or by stating important information that is needed. 

To deliver information  screen must be Information must be delivered briefly and accurately. It has to be delivered in an interesting manner using suitable graphics, animation, audio and video. To help students understand the lesson, the amount of content or facts to be delivered on a limited so that the students can understand easily.  

To assist learning  (examplesummary) atau RULEG (summary-example) will be used.   Content and facts must be supported with suitable examples to help studentÊs understanding. Often the EGRUL method 

To give exercises 

Exercises given have to be in line with the content of the lesson taught. The exercises can be in the form of either questions from the course software or questions prepared by the teacher. The achievement or studentsÊs answers to the questions will show if they understood the contents of the lesson.  To give feedback One advantage of the use of the CATL course software is it can give immediate feedback to the student. Based on the studentsÊ achievement in the exercises, they will either be given reinforcement or remedial work. Reinforcement and remedial activities will be prepared for course software that is comprehensive. However, the teacher can also conduct activities in the class if the software does not provide activities or the activities are not suitable or insufficient.  

To evaluate achievement 

At the end of the lesson, the students are given a test to evaluate their understanding of what has been studied.  

To recall  

It is important that students recall what they have studied and  subsequently use that knowledge in various situations.The CATL course software also prepares additional activity to allow this.  

  TYPES OF COMPUTER AIDED TEACHING AND LEARNING     

In categorising the types of CATL, we need to see the functions and objectives of CATL and the methods of presentation used. In this section, we will discuss six types of CATL that is:  

Exercises 

Exercises is a type of CATL that is conducted to evaluate the studentsÊ understanding or  give reinforcement and this is done on their own. In these exercises, students are given a number of questions and the computer gives the response based on their answers.   

Tutorials  

Tutorials are also a kind of CATL that is used in presenting new teaching aids and these have structured explanations (Alessi & Trollip, 1991). CATL acts as a tutor that delivers lessons. Tutorials are well created to allow students to learn as their own pace and to record their learning activities.  

  

Games  Computer games are also CATL which are increasingly popular now. Games use the Âlearn and playÊ approach to attract the attention of students and to make learning fun. According to  MacFarlane and Sparrowhawk (2002), in conducting games in teaching, the teacher has to bear in mind that the objective of the games must be appropriate to the learning objective.   

Simulations 

Thomas & Milligan (2004) defined simulation as a situation or system modelled by a computer containing information about how the situation or system functions.

Demonstrations  

Demonstration is one of the CATL methods used to show students a procedure. This method is used to allow students to understand a process before performing it in the real situation. It is also suitable to understand a procedure that cannot or is not appropriate to carry out in class because there is a lack of equipment, is dangerous or is too complex

Tests

CATL is a test that allows the teacher to  measure and evaluate the students achievement quickly. Objective questions, fill-in-the-blanks, matching or true false questions can be used in CATL.  Subjective questions are rarely used. 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CATL COURSE SOFTWARE 

The development of the course software has to be done carefully and following the procedure so that it achieves the objective of the course and user. The developmental process that is often used is based on the ADDIE ( Analysis, Design, Development, Impl ementation and Evaluation ) (Alessi & Trollip, 1991) model. The ADDIE model has five main steps that are: 

Analysis Analysis is the first step that is important in the development of CATL course software. In this step, you need to identify clearly:  

 Design The design involves the creation of a detailed storyboard based on information collected in the first step. The storyboard decides the screen content, screen layout and connection between screens.   

The lesson content that is scrutinised will then form the contents of the screen. For example the texts, video, audio, graphics, animation and so on. Sorting of all these elements have to be done carefully for easy access and to avoid confusion. 

The connection between screens will form a series of screens. This series will determine the navigational manner of the student either in linear or in branches. In the course software that is branched, the learning section that is displayed to students depends on: 

• The aim of developing the course software 

• For whom is it developed 

 • Teaching objective

 • The lesson content needed to achieve the objective 

• StudentsÊ previous knowledge 

 • Lesson strategy 

• StudentsÊ choice

 • StudentsÊ response to questions 

• Students achievement in a test 

 Development Development involves the production of elements that are determined in the layout. For instance video, animation and others and the combination of these elements on the display screen. The developer needs to programme the integration and navigation so that the screens functions as a complete CATL. Technical documentation and user guideline will be designed at this stage. 

Evaluation is usually ongoing so that all weaknesses and mistakes are corrected before implementation. 

Implementation Among the activities carried out during the implementation stage are user trainings including teachers and students. Teachers need to be given guidelines so that the application of CATL can develop their confidence – especially those who are new to this kind of method – and they can use the course software in the best way possible. Students on the other hand, need to be given an explanation on the CATL method and its advantages. 

The teaching and learning material must be prepared and in working order, prior to being delivered to teachers and students. 

8.4.5  Evaluation There are two types of evaluation: the formative evaluation and the summative evaluation.    

The Formative Evaluation  is done at every ADDIE stage to ensure the course software developed conforms to the wishes and objective of the development.  

The Summative Evaluation is used to ensure the learning objective is achieved by students. This evaluation gives feedback to the effectiveness of the course software produced.   

Apart from the use of tests, the questionnaire method can be used to get opinions of students about various aspects of the course software for example navigation, its user friendliness and use of elements in delivering the course content..  

TOPIC 7 - THE INTERNET

 The Internet is a combination of words inter and networking, that is the Internet or between networking. The Internet is also known as the Net, which is a computer network that connects millions of computers all over the world.


If these two computers are connected through this networking, they can share information as if they are connected directly. Now, the initial lone computer is able to communicate with other host or computers.

The Internet is like a huge electronic city. Each citizen owns an Internet Address that can exchange information or news.

As its nature is like a space similar to the hemisphere, the Internet is known as cyber space.

When the computer is connected to the Net, it is like a spider in the centre of a huge web. All the spokes of the web can furnish information from other computers.


BASIC INTERNET  

This section will discuss a number of basic things about the Internet including the history of the Internet, communication protocol through the Internet and the uses of the Internet in education.

The History of the Internet  

Before the Internet came into being, ARPAnet (US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) or the American Department of Defense in 1969 created a computer network to avoid the destruction of centralised information in the event of a war.

Communication Protocol 

The Internet is a communication system that uses the physical connection (usually the telephone lines) to connect computers to the computer netwwork. The Internet uses a standard communication procedure to communicate with other computers.


A Protocol is a set of guidelines or language used by computers to communicate in a network. This special Protocol is known as Transmission Control Program/Internet Protocol or in short TCP/IP.


The Internet is also known as a packet switch network because each data that passes through it will be broken into smaller packets. Each packet is sent separately through a series of switches that is called a router. As soon as they reach their destination, the packet is combined into one as its original form. TCP dan IP are two protocols that aim to break the data into packet, to direct them through the Internet, and then combining them again when they it reach the desired destination.

(a)  Types of  Pathway  The types of pathway that are given by the internet provider are as follows:  (i) IP ( Internet P r otocol ) Connection   If we want  to connect all our hardware and software or access the Internet, the we have to use the IP ( I n ternet Prot ocol ) address.

(ii)  Dial UP Connection   If we use the modem to dial up to ISP to connect to the Internet, then it is known as the  Dial UP access.



(c)  IP Address IP Address consists of four numbered sections that begin with the numbers 1 to 255, and each section is separated by a dot (.). For example microsoft IP address is 198.105.232.4.

Domain Name
Domain Abbreviation • Country
Web Browser Software
Internet Language  This aims to build software in the Internet and allow users to access the various homepage created. Homepage creators have to use specific language used in the Internet that is:

 •  HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
  •  JAVA. language


The Uses of the Internet 
- Information that can be obtained faster and cheaply using an application
-Reduce cost of paper and production and circulation.
- As an advertisement media/ promotion
- Interactive Communication
- As Research and Development tool
-  Data Change

 BASIC INTERNET SERVICES 
Website 
The Information  placed on www is known as  "homepage" atau "webpage" and each  homepage has its own address. In this application there are a number of application that are carried out such as:  • Order or buy an item online • Register online • Access the multimedia and others

Webpage  is an interesting and important application on the Internet. This application is known as  " The killer application " or " The world is in your finger tips " because we can easily get the information. The webpage is a 'HTML' document on the World Wide Web. Usually this document contains hypertext link  with other documents on the  world wide web. The language 'Hypertext Markup Language ' (HTML) is used to create a web page and to make a link with a page with another page on another web . HTML is a set of text codes and its named tags that format documents so that it can be read by the web browser.

E-mail 
Electronic Mail  or e-mail is a basic Internet facility that is very popular. An email is an activity of exchanging message which is one way the user can write and send letters electronically through the Internet to anyone throughout the world who has an e-mail account.

Other users are able to receive the e-mail from users who know their e-mail address. Messages in the e-mail are usually written in text form or ASCII and sent from the userÊs computer to another computer through  the telephone lines. If you send an e-mail to your friends, the e-mail message will remain in their inbox until such time they check their e-mails. Similarly, you too will have an inbox of e-mails to receive e-mails sent to your e-mail account.

The Electronic mail is a facility or application that is much used in the internet. It allows the sending and receiving of messages, files in the form of programmes, graphic pictures and computer software.

Using the e-mail has a lot of advantages. Among them are they are fast, cheap and easy. There is no other postal service that can compete with the speed of the e-mail. The e-mail is also cheap because it does not require stamps for postal payment. You are only charged for a minimal access fee. Most of the e-mail software are free, in fact there are a variety of free e-mail  services that are offered in the Internet.


 (a)   E-Mail Criteria
(i)  There are two criteria that need to be fulfilled before your computer can send or receive e-mails.   • You computer must be connected to the Internet.
  • You e-mail software has to be opened in your computer.  
 (ii)  Two conditions that must be fulfilled before using an electronic mail are:
 • You must have an e-mail account and know your e-mail address.
 • You must know the e-mail addresss of the recipient.

(b)   E-Mail Address
 Each e-mail address uses the following standard format:  
  username@host.domain (e.g ali@yahoo.com)
  or
  username@hos.subdomain.domain (e.g ali@oum.edu.my)

 E-mail Account  Two  e-mail services provided are as follows:
 (i) E-mail account paid for where you need to subscribe to the Internet Services Supplier such TM Net, Jaring, or a registered institution including  Open University Malaysia  (OUM).
  (ii) Free E-mail accounts  through the servics of World Wide Web are called e-mails based on  web (Web-based e-mail). •  http://www.hotmail.com • http://www.eudoramail.com • http://www.altavista.iname.com • http://mail.yahoo.com

Group-Web 


 The Internet also allows a group of users to gather, discuss and chat or exchange information in a group. This is known as the the Group Web. There are many sites which provide this facility through Yahoo, AltaVista to name a few. The following is an example of the Group Web introduced by Yahoo.

 Portal 
 Portal is also a part of this group web where the portal is a website that provides a gateway for a variety of information. You have to first visit the portal website that usually contains the website directory and search engine. To obtain information on a specific subject, go to any of the web servers and search using the keywords. The web server provides a search directory that is known as a portal.

 Portals vary according to search engines where the portals use man to arrange and classify the host in the internet. This method produces a more systematic and easier method to use.   (b)  Other Basic Services
 (i)  File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)  is an application in the Internet to  download and upload files in the FTP server. In this way, we are able  to obtain free software downloaded from any homepage in the  Internet.

 (ii)  Videoconferencing  
Videoconferencing  is communication through the Internet among users from various locations. The hardware needed by users are computers, tv cameras, communication software and tools for communication. It can be considered as a type of conference in cyber with participants from various locations. They can interact online with each other.


(iii) News Group  
A News Group is a discussion forum that are separate discussion columns and each column has a separate discussion topic. In a column there may be more than one person exchanging ideas and opinions. So this opinion is viewed by all in that column.     It can be accepted as a Bulletin Board, such as the one in schools or offices, where anyone can ÂstickÊ articles or viewpoints for others to read.    Through the application of the News Group, the  article or letter is placed quickly in the required group.

(iv) Telnet  Through  Telnet,  we are able to access other computers without having to have that computers program. Hence,  what is viewed on our screen is the contents of the other computer. This is known as " Remote Login".

 Examples of what can be done with Telnet are: • Searching for library, campus catalogs  • Accessing databases • Accessing Bulletin boards of Government Organisations.   To use Telnet, we have to possess an IP address or domain name and  we have to also have the right to access that is by using a login name and password.


(v) Gopher Gopher is an application that can find information on the Internet, but only those in the form of a text or text based. To get information through Gopher, you have to connect with a Gopher server in the Internet.   

(vi)Chat 
Chat is an Internet application programme that allows us to chat online with other internet users. This application program is known as IRC ( Internet Relay Chat ). Here, communication is through the keyboad and it has to be connected to the  IRC server




7.3 THE USE OF THE INTERNET IN EDUCATION
 The information in the Internet is more open and wide in nature and not confined to only one location. In fact it covers  the whole world. The Internet is a useful tool in assisting educators to vary their teaching and learning aids to a more interesting media. Accessing into this vast resource provides a venue for teachers and students to obtain information needed. The Internet service definitely provides a more thorough and complete source of reference.

The Internet services also provides a wide variety of resources for education. The Internet is seen as a warehouse of information that can be accessed from a distance. This resource is not only suitable for individuals but also as a group or as a teaching aid in educational institutions.

Internet access can  make communication with people all over the world a reality and even bring the educational experts to the classrooms.


The Internet has been used as a source to obtain various materials and information related to teaching and learning. It also serves as a useful means of communication among teachers, between a teacher and a student, and among students themselves.


The Presentation of Information 
The Internet is a able to present information in education more clearly and effectively. There are many suggestions forwarded to have learning software which are Internet assisted.

 (a)  Projects  Teachers have used a number of computer-assisted programs in their projects. A project can cover a number of concepts and  skills that have been learnt. Among the sugggested websites are:

• http://www.gsn.org • http://www.stolaf.edu/network/lecc/ • http://www.nptn.org.cyber.serv/AoneP/academyone/Projectindex.html   It is necessary to integrate projects based on the Internet well, especially in terms of access an arrangement of materials.

(b)  Lesson Plans  There are many prepared lesson plans on the Internet that can be shared by teachers all over the world. Among the websites that you can visit to access lesson plans are:

• http://www.sci.lib.Uci.edu/SEP/SEP.Internet • http://www.scun.edu:80/hceduo13/ • http://www.forum.swarthmore.edu/arithmetic/arith.units.html • http://www.teachnet.com/lesson.html • http://www.mmserve.com/educ • http://www.coe.missouri/~kyle/edu.html

Interesting and Latest Information  
Information changes everyday, and millions of information are available easily, quickly and cheaply through the internet. Students can get information about natural disasters such as Tsunami, Typhoon Katrina or Wilma and be able to share information and take part in forums with their friends on the Internet.


 Teachers too can find information quickly for the teaching and learning process. Apart from information, the Internet also provides attractive graphics, pictures and animation for the learning process.


Reading Material and Language Skills 
 The Internet has thousands of magazines, journals and newspapers. Students can get news about a matter through the newspaper from all over the world. To read the newspaper from all over the world,  you can visit the following  webpage.



Information Sharing     
 With the Internet, the teacher can share information, ideas or special problems  with other teachers especially through electronic discussions groups. There are numerous electronic discussion groups in the Internet that you can participate for free that connects you to teachers from around the world. Among the websites are as follows:

 • http://fthejournal.com  • http://place.scholastic.com/EL/index.htm  • http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/techgap  • http://fromnowon.org




The Searching of Information 
Are you searching for something? The Internet can be the fastest and cheapest way to search for information. By  using  a search engine effectively, you can:

(a) Try various kinds of search engine. Although the base is the same, each one has a clear difference in terms of search.
 (b) Use the correct keywords. Avoid general terms as keywords as this would entail seaching through a wide selection.
 (c) Use the  "advanced search option". This enables you to use "Boolean operators" (AND, OR, NOT, NEAR, +, -).
 (d) Read "hints" and "help" in each search engine. It contains information about how the engine functions.

Clearly, the Internet is a wide source of information. Information search involves the search process of specific  information in the internet. Two main methods is the search engine and the portal. Besides that, the use of USENET, FAQ, the email discussion field and the archieve sites can be used as additional sources.

Teaching and Learning On the whole, all categories of learning can use the internet.

TOPIC 6 - MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

Information Technology or IT is an important component in the teaching and learning process. To excel in this role, you as a teacher have to understand a number of basic concepts in the management of IT in operating and maintaining the computer as well as the computer laboratory. This topic will discuss three important aspects in this management: the maintenance of the computer, its basic networking and managing the computer laboratory. Managing IT is useful too in managing the resources of IT in teaching and learning.


SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE 
Computers are dynamic machines and constantly support changes and addition of software. A computer usually possesses the minimum software which consists of the system software, utility or various other software.

With this variety of software available in the computer, proper maintenance has to be carried out to optimise the ability of the computer.

6.1.1 Scandisk and Defrag 
Sca n di s k is a utility that function to:

(a) Scan and repair physical and logical problems found in the hardisk and diskette.  Physical problems cover scratches on the hardisk or diskette surface. Logical problems on the other hand, refer to problems relating to data for example on the F i le All o cati on T a b l e .


(b) Search and Remove unwanted files.

Disk Defragmenter  (i)  Allows the data to be accessed faster    (ii)  The program operates faster

When the computer saves the data on the hardisk or diskette, the data is placed on the first sector of disk that can be used. The computer will try to place the data consecutively (close). However, this does not always occur. When the contents of a file are spread between two or more sectors, it is said to be fragmented. This causes slow access and subsequently affects the computerÊs performance. This problem can be solved by using the Disk Defragmenter utility facility.

You can use various methods similar to the ScanDisk operation to open Defragmenter facility.

(i) Click the button Start > Programs > Accessories > System Tools then click on Disk Defragmenter. The Defragmenter process will be carried out in two modes:  (a) Setting Mode – utilities can be carried out in the background without being displayed to the user.  (b) Visible Mode – the screen will display the defragmenter process

Erasing and Deleting Files  
Files created can be erased and deleted to avoid overloading of unwanted files that can reduce the storage space in the hard disk. Deleting files can also rearrange file arrangement on the computer.

Windows has an operation that provides the facility to erase and delete files.

(a) Bring the cursor and activate the file that has to be deleted.


Installation of Software You can add other software into your computer. Windows system operation provides the facility to install software.

There are many methods to install a software. Some software has the auto-install feature and you can install the software directly. In order to install manually, the following steps can be taken: (i)  Click on the icon MyComputer on the desktop. (ii)  Click CD-Drive on the MyComputer . (iii)  Click file.exe to start the installation.


 BASICS OF NETWORKING 

To share resources or hardware  
With a computer network, the user can share resources and hardware such as file, printer, modem, fax machine. To share software The user does not have to have a system to download all programmes or software into their computers. They only need the basic software to run the computer. For the other software, the user can share or get it directly from other users or from the server. To increase productivity By using the computer network, users find it easier to share data and information among themselves. Cost Effective When users share resources, hardware and software, users find it easier and financially it is more cost effective.  Faster  Users do not have to waste time exchanging information with other users. All that is needed is a computer that is linked to another computer.

Computer

Network Components and Topologies 

Components in a Computer Network 

A computer network comprises all computers, peripheral, interface card and other devices to carry out the processing of data and communication within a network.

There are seven components that are needed as a network device:  


File Server  

A file server is the core component of most networks. It is usually a high-powered computer in terms of RAM and storage space including interface cards. The network operating system is embedded in the computer along with application software and shareable data files.

Workstation  
All computers that are connected to the file server are known as work station. A typical work station is a computer which is equipped with a Network Interface Card, network software and some cables.

Network Interface Card (NIC)   
The Network Interface Card (NIC) has a physical connection between networks and workstation computers. Most NICs are internal with a card that is added to the slot in the computer. A number of computers like Mac Classics use the external box that is attached to the serial port or port SCSI

Concentrators/Hub 
Concentrator is a device that connects the central point of the cable of the work station, file server and peripheral.

Repeater  
Whenever a signal moves in a network, it reduces in strength. A repeater is a device that identifies signals when the signals cross it. It does this through electrical sparks on the signals received and confirms it again. The repeater

  Bridges
A bridge or connector functions to allow a big network to be divided into two smaller networks. This improves the quality of service of the network. A bridge will facilitate an old cable system to be connected to the latest system network.

Router    


 A Router functions as a translator of information from one network to another network.


Network Topologies   

 Network topology refers to how the computers are connected through mapping.

 Network topology is divided into two types that is the physical and the logical topology.  • The physical topology for a network refers to the configuration found on the cable, computer and other peripherals.

Below are among the types of main topology.   


(i) Bus or Linear Bus 
The Linear Bus Topology contains a cable which is the main body and the life of the computers in the network. It is normally found in an environment using coaxial wires. These cables have a starting point and a terminator that is fixed at the start and end of the cable. Between these two points are the personal compuer and the computer server networking between one another.   All nodes (server files, workstations and peripherals) are connected to the said linear cable.

Advantages of the Bus Linear 
   – Can easily connect a computer or peripheral to a Linear Bus topology.
 – Easy, cheap and easy to use.


Disadvantages of the Bus Linear
 – Any problem encountered in any of the nodes in the network can jeopardise the function of the whole network.
 – The starting and terminating point or stop is needed for both ends of the cable backbone.

 Star Topology or Spider 
The Hub will first process the message and then send it directly to the personal computer and the destination node. This topology is also quite safe and easy to use. As its function is based on the use of the hub, any malfunction of the nodes or the personal computer will not affect the whole network. However, if the hub itself malfunctions, then the whole network is affected.

The Advantages of the Star Topology 
 – Easy to install and to fix the wiring.
  – The network will not be affected if one of the devices or peripherals is connected or moved.
 – Errors and malfunctions are easily detected and spoilt hardware can be transferred.

 The Disadvantages of the Star Topology
 – It needs a greater quantity of cable as compared to the bus topology.
– If the hub or concentrator fails to function, the node will also fail to function.
 – It is more costly than the Bus Topology as the cost of the concentrators is high.
  – When the host computer is not functioning, all computers will be affected and a large amount of computerisation power will be lost.

Token Ring Topology or Star-Wired Ring 
  This topology is not as popular as the bus topology or the star topology. The shape of this topology is round. This is because each node and personal compute is connected to the following node and personal computer.

 Hence, in this topology, each node and personal computer is reliant on each other. If one of the computers malfunctions, the whole network cannot function.

Advantages of the Token Ring Topology
 – If communicaton between the two corresponding systems breaks, an alternative route between these two places can be used.
 – Easily installed and wired.
 – It is easy to identify errors and defects and easy to separate the specific hardware

Disadvantages of the Token Ring Topology
– Requires a longer cable like the star topology.
  – If the Hub or concentrator fails to function, the node too fails to function.



Network Protocol  

Network protocol is a standard measurement that allows the computer and the IT device to communicate between one another. It is used to control communication in the network.


The role of the protocol on computers that send data is as follows:
 • Data is divided in smaller sections called packets.
• Add the address information on the packet so that it reaches its destination.
• Preparing the packet to be sent through the network card and through cables.

The role of the computers that receive data are as follows:
• Taking the packet from the cable passage and straight to the network card.
 • Collecting all the packets to the buffer that is sent to assemble again.
 • The data that is assembled is used/ changed by the application/ programmed to a form that can be used.


Communication Protocol   : Ethernet
• First established by Xerox Corporation in the late 70Ês.
 • Ethernet uses the protocol CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection).
• Carrier Sense – connector/ data transmitter
 • Multiple Access – a computer in the free network to send data as long as other computers are not there in the said network.
  • Collision Detection – When two computers send data simultaneously, there will be a clash, then the data from both computers will be sent again in a short span of time.
• CSMA/CD – The Protocol which allows computers to communicate simultaneously and provide ways to solve the problem in the event of a clash of data

 Communication Protocol: TCP/IP  
• TCP/IP is actually two protocols, but as they are always used together, so they are accepted as a sole system.  • The Data that is sent is broken into smaller parts (packet) and then is attached with the senderÊs address and the recipientÊs address.  • As data is sent as a packet, there is a chance that the data sent to the recipient does not arrive in sequence.  • TCP – functions to ensure that each packet reaches the destination in good order and each packet is numbered well. This is so that the receiver arranges the data according to the correct sequence.  • IP – is responsible for providing the address for a computer or device.

Information Sharing 
Local Area Network (LAN)   The LAN Network is usually limited to a small georgraphical area such as a building, school, office or campus. The basic function of LAN as a network is to connect a number of computers in a restricted area such as the university compus, in a smal building,  in a room and often connected to a main computer framework  or minicomputer. However, very rarely does the LAN network covers an area of more than 1 mile distance. These computers can be connected by various methods such as twisted pair cable, fibre optic, telephone lines,  infrared lights and radio signals.

Metropolitan Area Network  (MAN)   Metropolitan Area Network or MAN usually covers a geographical area quite vast compared to the network covered by LAN.  The MAN network usually operates in cities, a group of schools or in a small district. With a comparatively wide communication network in a geographical vicinity, information can be disseminated widely, quickly and effectively.

 Wide Area Network (WAN)  It covers a wider range between towns or between states and using the microwaves, telephone cabes, satellites or other means of communication. They could consist of a number of LAN or connected by a number of LAN.

 LABORATORY MAINTENANCE  
 Safety and Laboratory Regulations
 (a) Laboratory Regulations    The Learning of IT  is conducted in the computer laboratories. As the computer laboratories  are equipped with electronic equipment, users must follow the regulations regarding the safety of computer equipment.

 Below is an example of the Computer Laboratory Regulations. Read and add on any other regulations which you feel are necessary in a computer laboratory.

 (i) Regulations on the Use of the Laboratory
• Students can only enter in the presence of a IT lecturer. •  All bags are to be left outside the laboratory. •  Food and drinks are not allowed into the computer laboratory

•  Disconnecting any connection of the computer system will damage or render the computer faulty.  •  Any equipment  or software is not allowed to be removed from the laboratory without the lecturerÊs permission.  •  The Computer system is only for learning and teaching purposes.  •  You should get permission  from the lecturer to access  the  Internet  •  Report any  malfunction or foul odour to the lecturer. •  Carry out any other  relevant regulations.

(ii) User Safety   •  Ensure the computer tables are arranged, the unit system is placed in the  suitable place and devices have enough space.  • Ensure your seat is comfortable and you sit up straight to prevent any backache.  • Use a glass filter for your monitor for your  comfort and safety.   • Align your monitor at eye level, the distance from the monitor to the eye has to be 18 inches to 24 inches.   • Do not open the casing system unit, as you might get electrocuted.  • Switch off the computer, the electric supply and remove the plug from the socket when maintenance work is to be carried out on the system unit.  

(iii) Ensuring Data  Safety  The file that is saved in the hard drive has to be copied into the diskette or into  another secondary storage. This is to ensure that there is a copy of the original file in the event the file is corrupted by virus.

•  The diskette that has a copy has to be write-protected.

Protecting the Computer from Virus 
- There are many kinds of software that assist man to run computers efficiently and easily in their daily task. These software are available in various forms. At one time, the software was in the form of a diskette. However, with the advancement in CD technology, most softwares are in the CD form.
- A Computer Virus is a computer programme. A computer virus doesn not evolve on its own but is written or created by a person with an intention. The computer virus can spread and affected other programmes on the system. It is usually hidden.
 - A VIRUS is a program, a script or macro that is more dangerous because it can explode, spread or even multiply. Virus can be written by experts in computer programming.  It aims at sabotage, investigation, research, comedy or business.

The Virus can enter the computer system by two ways that is: 
 • Through a copied programme or file from a disk • Through the virus replica process itself
- Example of Viruses   • Creeper – the first virus to be invented in the year 1970
 • Christmas Virus – invented on Mar 1990. It displays the christmas tree on  24 December until 1 January every year.
 • Brain – existed since 1986. It spoils the boot sector and FAT and changes the disk label.
 • Dark Avenger - from Bulgaria in the year 1989. It attacks the file.com , .exe and .ovl
 • Den Zuk was detected in Indonesia on 1988.
 • Ping Pong – was invented on Mac 1988. The display screen shows the picture of a bouncing ball.
 • Stoned – created in February 1988.
 • Michael Angelo – exploded on March 1992

Signs of Virus Attack
• A program takes a longer time than usual to run.
 • Disk operations seem difficult to conduct.
  ERROR message are displayed.
 • Free Memory in RAM reduces.
 • Programs or files disappear strangely.
 • Changes in file size especially exe. and com. files.
 • There are hidden files.
 • It attacks the File Allocation Table boot sector or FAT that is spoilt and will cause the file in the disk to be undetected and the boot sector that is spoilt will not be able to start the computer system.
 • It attacks the file by changing the code and contents of the file disabling its use.  • It lags the computer and finally the system breaks down when it spreads and fills the computer memory.
 • It changes the disk label.
 • It creates a bad sector causing loss or inaccessibility of data.
 • It shows an untrue display screen.

(c)  Ways of addressing the Virus
(i) Preventive Methods
 •   Use a password so that only specific people can use the computer.
 • Always scan for virus using anti-virus scans such as MacFee Scan, PcCillin, TAVS and others..
 • Always close the write-protect tab on the diskette.

• DonÊt save data in the hard drive as it is difficult to write protect the data.
 • Always prepare a backup so that there is a copy in case the original disk is spoilt.
 • DonÊt share diskettes. There may  possibly have virus in it.    (ii) Defense Mechanism  • Insert the anti-virus software TSR (in the  memory such as  ARMOUR, DR SOLOMON and others. In this way, the virus can be detected automatically every time the diskette is accessed.
 • Restoration Methods

- Laboratory Use Time Table   A Time Table for the use of the Laboratory has to be arranged well so that the teaching and learning process can be implemented well.

TOPIC 5 - ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET

                         This section covers all aspects of electronic spreadsheet. 
Before electronic spreadsheets were introduced, record and account keepers used pen and paper to record data into a ledger that a book containing a number of spreadsheets. Accounting records and calculations were recorded by hand and entered into the spreadsheet every time calculations were made.

According to history, the idea to invent an electronic spreadsheet was started by Dan Bricklin while he was an MBA student at Harvard Business School in 1978. While observing his lecturers erase and rewrite the whole workings on the spreadsheet on the blackboard while calculating, he tried to think of an easier way to do calculations only by changing one digit on the spreadsheet.

Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston invented the first electronic spreadsheet software that is the Apple II computer and named it VisiCalc. The electronic spreadsheet software was subsequently produced in 1983 by Mitch Kapor for Lotus Development Corp for the use of IBM PC computers and named Lotus 1-2-3. Then, from there other electronic spreadsheet such as SuperCalc, Works, Quattro Pro, Microsoft Excel dan Apple Calc made their appearance.

 The Functions of the Electronic Spreadsheet in Producing a Worksheet   

An electronic spreadsheet is actually an accounting ledger or a piece of scientific work arranged according to rows and columns created, edited, processed and displayed by the computer. The electronic effect allows the data to be displayed, deleted and edited easily. The electronic spreadsheet has the characteristics to process data including calculating  using various mathematical and scientific formulas like a calculator. Additonal features of the electronic spreadsheet allow the display to be done in the form of a table and chart to facilitate users to access information from the processed data.


The electronic spreadsheet application allows the user to; (i) Save records (ii) Delete records  (iii) Edit records  (iv) Arrange and sort records (v) Calculate mathematical calculations, stastistics, finance and engineering based on formulas and functions (vi) Display information in the form of a table or chart

This topic will focus on the electronic spreadsheet software in Microsoft Excel to be used in teaching and learning.

As part of the combined application of Microsoft Office, there are many shared characteristics similar to Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint applications.  Attention has to be given to the features selected while installing the Microsoft Office application software.  There are complaints from Microsoft Excel users that they do not have some of the features that they need when using the software. This happens when they did not choose to install the required features during the installation of the Microsoft Office combined application software.

The Microsoft Excel Software allows the user to: 

 (i) Save and process data;
(ii) Format worksheets like adding currency symbols and decimals, adding colour effects, alignment and protection,
(iii)  Produce charts based on data,
(iv)  Carry out calculations, statistics, engineering and finance,


Basic Components
- Introduction to Microsoft Excel Windows  the file name is a name for an opened file. When a new file is opened, by default, the file takes a name Book 1 (Book.xls) The name of the file is displayed on the Application Bar. When you save the file in a new name, the new name will be displayed at the same place.

- Main Menu Bar   There are distinct differences in the Main Menu Excel compared to other Microsoft Office applications. Among the obvious differences are:

On the sub Insert Menu there are special features such as adding cells, rows,  columns, worksheets, functions and charts. The other features are similar to the menu in Microsoft Word.

- Toolbar on Microsoft Excel Display  Microsoft Excel provides a number of toolbars that can be searched by selecting the View on the Main Menu and click Toolbars.

 The specified Toolbar can be viewed on the display screen.  Each toolbar has a set of icons to assist to facilitate the Excel user to carry out the task of formatting, editing and carrying out mathematical instructions.

 Cell Format 
Cell can be formatted in various formats.
The method to format cells of users is to highlight the said cell first before displalying the screen to format cells.

Highlighting cells can be carried out in any one of the following ways: (a) Cell - Clicking any one of the cells to activate it (b) Range - Click and drag the mouse over a number of cells  (c) Column - Click on the column header of the respective columns (d) Row - Click on the row header on the respective row

The Sub window Cells format is a main menu to format cells. The display is seen by clicking on Format of the Main Menu and clicking on Cells.

By using the sub window of Cells format, the user can change the characteristics of the cell in the form of changing numbers in the cell, aligning the cell content, font characteristics cell border, cell pattern and changing the protection for cells.


 Type of Data Input and Mathematical  Operation Function 

 Cells can either be blank without any input or with a constant or a formula as an input.  

Constant  is: (a) An input that does not change including text, date, time (b) Numbers that have a numeric value for instance integer, decimal, percentage or fraction which if needed change a new entry has to be made

A Formula is an addition which is an operation and mathematical function to the constant, and any change to it will change the whole calculation. This also means in the event the constant is changed, the change in the calculation outcome will occur automatically.  Formulas have to start with the symbol =.


 Bar Formula
The display on the Bar Formula is very important in Excel.  Whatever is typed enters any one of the cells and this can be viewed in the Bar formula.  Hence, the display on the bar formula can be used to know the actual content of the cell.

BASIC FEATURES OF AN ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET

Arranging and Sorting Data
 Besides functioning to carry out mathematical operations, Excel is also useful for routine work such as arranging data in table and chart form to be presented and printed.

Data Insertion can be done using the instruction Sort.

For this purpose, data has to be highlighted first, then click Data on the Main Menu and select Sort.

 Filtering Data When the collection of data becomes too large the capacity to access the data becomes more difficult. Excel prepares the feature to filter data to facilitate easy access of data displayed.

The filtering of data can be done by clicking Daa on the Main Menu, click Filter on the sub menu and select Auto Filter.

 Making a Table  
 Tables are used to present data in the form of text and numbers to facilitate understanding. The table in Excel is formed as a result of formatting on cells containing data. Among the formatting effects usually applied on cells include adding colour to the table header, creating a border around the cell and range, the effect on the alignment of the text in cells including the orientation effect.

Making Charts 
Charts are used as graphic representation added into Excel. The usual way to produce a chart would be by using Chart Wizard. The sub Window of Chart Wizard is taken out for display by clicking on the Chart Wizard Icon on the toolbar or by clicking on Insert on the Main Menu and selecting Chart.

TOPIC 4 - ELECTRONIC PRESENTATIONS

Topic 4 is about electronic presentation or power point presentations.

INTRODUCTION 

The use of electronic presentations as teaching and learning tools has become increasingly popular amongst teachers in schools. There are many kinds of software introduced. However, in this topic, our discussions will revolve around the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. 

Uses and Advantages  

There are many kinds of software available in producing electronic presentations. Among them are Microsoft PowerPoint and the Harvard Graphics

According to Shaifol (2004), the use of animation, graphics, audio, video and text in media for any presentation will:  Attract the interest of consumers  Motivate consumers  Facilitate easy understanding amongst consumers 

The electronic presentation characteristic which allows the continuous movement of slides makes it possible as a platform to produce animated movements without rendering. This electronic presentation is normally used as a preview at the initial stages before the animation is compiled. The aim of using electronic presentations in animated movement is to display the movement without having to rely on the rendering process, which is time consuming. 

Electronic presentations are user-friendly as well as possess command buttons that are easily understood and do not require programming codes. As a result of its user-friendly nature and its ability to combine various media such as video, animation, graphics, audio and text, this software is suitable in creating backdrop presentations.  

Layout 

Layout in electronic presentation software is the knowledge or skill used to lay and arrange media on display with the intention of creating an attractive presentation. The ability to lay and arrange good and effective media elements will bring positive results on the presentation. 

Contrast  To highlight the differences between two objects, the software designer has to choose contrasting colours (dark and bright). Contrast is also used to differentiate between elements with backdrop display. Besides showing the contrast of two items, contrast is also an effective way to enhance interest towards a creation. 

 Apart from the difference in colour, contrast can also be highlighted with a difference in font, a large object as opposed to a small one, a fine line with a coarse one, a smooth texture with a rough one, a horizontal element as opposed to a vertical one, a distant line with a close one and large in contrast to small graphics. 

 Alignment  In the principles of alignment, each item that has to be placed in the software must be similar with what is placed on the face of the software to ensure its attractiveness. The software designer must be deft in arranging these items to maintain balance. In other words, in the principles of alignment, items are to be arranged in a manner so as not to look awkward. Items should also have visual relations between one and the other on every software display. 

 Simplicity  Graphics and animation have to be simple and stimulate the user to understand the intended meaning. In other words, every graphic material and object placed on the face of the software has to stimulate curiosity and thinking. The visuals used must be simple, appropriate and easily understood to the user. In short, the use of graphics and media elements in the software must facilitate the user to be able to use the software easily. A simple picture as an example, would be more meaningful than a long text. 

 Proximity  In the principles of proximity, items used in the software have to be grouped in an area to ensure that the user is able to see the continuity that exists between items. This ability to view the continuity between items lends a favourable feeling to the user, who views the items as a group rather than separate entities. Hence, this element is seen as a single visual unit rather than separate units. 

Repetition  In the principles of repetition, a set of standard instructions will enable the user to comprehend and interpret simple instructions provided by the software. Repeated use of the various media presentation will enhance the userÊs understanding. This is because these software users usually have an inclination towards the media. Software designers may use media text, audio, graphics and videos repeatedly to put forth the same message. 

  

 The Development of Basic Slides Presentation 

-  five elements are artistic elements, presentations needs, target group, location and accurate message.

The arbitrary use of the media can produce negative effects on the presentation.   

Software designers need to think and analyse the target group for the software. If the target group of the software were kindergarten children, it would be appropriate to use lots of animation. However, this method would not be suitable for an adult target group. 

The location of a presentation must also be considered in developing electronic presentations. For example, if the presentation is in a large hall, using small fonts will inevitably prevent the audience from reading the message and subsequently bore them. Hence, it is important to bear in mind that a large font size would be necessary in situations like this. 

The use of media has to be relevant to the message that is imparted. In fact, the use of media must add meaning to the message in the presentation. Obviously, a presentation which depicts a sad and melancholic message should not be portrayed with loud and bright colours. It should in fact use soft and harmonious colours. 

To ensure that the message is imparted with its intended meaning, the software designer should choose media that is relevant to the message and not what is to his liking. For example, in a video clip portraying life in campus, it would be inappropriate to focus the introduction on techniques needed in playing a football game 

MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATIONS 

- The Framework of a Storyboard Presentation 

- A Storyboard is a compilation of sketches of designs on display screens used in the application of a multimedia software  

- The Advantages of a Storyboard

  (i) The storyboard allows the software designer to develop his thoughts and ideas. 

 (ii) The storyboard designer is able to plan his sketches on the software right at the initial stage.

 (iii) The storyboard facilitates the software designer to develop ideas before it is transformed on the computer screen. 

(iv) The storyboard allows the software designer to plan and apply learning theories and strategies easily. 

(v) The sketches done at the initial stage provides room for changes to be easily done. 

(vi) The use of the storyboard saves the time and cost of producing a software.

 (vii) The storyboard reduces the risk of leaving out important presentation information.

 (viii) The storyboard allows the software designer to apply various techniques in software designing. 

The elements to consider in the design of the storyboard are as follows:

 (i) Background colour

 (ii) Font type

 (iii) Size of alphabets 

(iv) Colours of the alphabets 

(v) Picture format 

(vi) Video format 

(vii) Audio format

 (viii) Animation format 

 Sample Storyboard  This storyboard is sketched in a flow, showing the sketches on the screen and the interactive patterns of the software. 

Manipulation of Objects 

You can shift objects from one corner to another simply by clicking, dragging and pasting the object at the required corner. To rotate the picture, click and drag the green circle (see figure) in the desired rotation. 

Making a Slide Presentation

To start the PowerPoint Programme

choose start>program>Microsoft PowerPoint. On seeing the initial display screen of the PowerPoint, select the text and content layout of your choice.

 Inserting colour   

To add background colour, select the button format>background and select the required colour. 

- Inserting Text  You can add in text by clicking on the specific field (Click to add title) to insert title text and type. Click the field to add the subtitle and type to add more subtitles. 

 Adding more slides  You can add on more slides by clicking on the icon Ânew slideÊ or click on insert and select new slide. 

 Inserting Pictures, Audio and Video  To insert pictures, click on insert and select the picture, then select clip art (from a collection of pictures found in the office collection) or from a file (pictures kept in another file). If you select from your file, you can decide which file you wish to insert. 

- Inserting video  To insert video, click on insert sound and movie, select Movie from Clip Organizer (movies are in the office collection) or From File (movies kept in another file). If you select from a File, you can select which file to insert. Movie files takes time to import. Movie displays are seen on the screen and you can decide how the movie is to be shown, either automatically or on click. 

- Inserting Audio   To insert audio, click on Insert sound and Movie, select Sound From Clip Organizer (sound is in the office) or From File (sound kept in other files). If you select From File , you will be given a choice of which file you would like to insert. You would also be given a choice of whether the audio is to be played automatically or on click. 

 To Add Special Effects on the Slide To add special effects on the PowerPoint that you have designed, click on the slide show on the toolbar and select slide transition. The slide transition menu box will appear. In the box, you can select special effect, speed, sound and how the slides are advanced, and the choice of whether the chosen transition is applicable to all slides or only to specific ones. 

You could also view your special effect selection by clicking the Play 

-  Adding Text Movement  To add the text movement element, click on slide show, then on animation scheme and then you can select the required text movement. 

-  Movement of Topic and Sub Topic On each PowerPoint slide, you can select the manner of entrance of topics and sub topics into the slide by clicking on Slide show and then selecting Custom Animation. After making the selection, you are able to view the selected movement by clicking the Play button. 

 Hyperlink To make the presentation more interactive, you need to add hyperlink. Darken or highlight the object field or words that have to be added on hyperlink as in figure 4.15 click insert> click hyperlink. Select the slide to be hyperlinked

Integration in Teaching and Learning  

(a)  Teaching Aids  Electronic presentations are used as Teaching and Learning Aids. As a teaching aid, it is used to impart information to learners. There are two categories in Electronic Presentation as teaching aids.  Presentation  In the teaching process using Presentation techniques, the teacher uses electronic presentations as a means of presenting information. 

Demonstration  In the teaching process using Demonstration techniques, the teacher uses electronic presentations as a means of conducting a demonstration. This method is utilised to describe a situation that is difficult to explain with words or through an experiment which may be costly, impossible or just too dangerous to carry out. 

(b)  Learning Aids  In the learning process using electronic presentations, learners can interact with the software. There are three electronic presentation categories as learning aids: 

Tutorial  In the learning process using the tutorial method, electronic presentations can be arranged according to lesson content and a fixed sequence. Tutorial Learning encompasses explanations, demonstrations and practice or exercises. The video clip shows an example of software using tutorial technique. 

Investigation  In the learning process using the investigation method, learners use electronic presentations as a medium to search and access information. This is to ensure the learning process would not be a tedious task especially in having to search for the suitable website. The connection to the website is made available in the software designed. 

(iii)  Application  In the learning process using the application method, electronic presentations are used as application aids (aids to help learners carry out certain tasks in learning), and not as a mechanism to channel information. 

Comparison of Strengths and Weaknessess  

 Strengths 

 - Motivation  Electronic presentation can motivate learners in learning. Learners are more motivated to learn using a new medium. The use of electronic presentation motivates learners to probe into the world of technology and communication. 

- Attractiveness  Electronic presentations that apply to all the attractive multimedia elements can attract the attention of users. Electronic presentations have a positive impact on learnersÊ understanding. 

-  Use Friendly  Electronic presentations provide instructions that are not confusing and are user friendly. Icons used in the design of the electronic presentations are easily understood. Hence, electronic presentations are easily designed and used even by a novice. 

-  Interactive  Electronic presentation allows the easy insertion of interactive elements in presentation. This interactive presentation encourages an active learning environment. The active learning in a multimedia environment allows the learner to gain knowledge through various orientations that are suitable to his cognitive needs and style. 

Disadvantages 

- Costly Equipment  The use of electronic presentation requires a computer and an LCD. These equipment are rather costly. Furthermore, the teacher also has to look into safety aspects when planning to use electronic presentation. 

- Sensitive Equipment  Electronic equipment is sensitive to temperature and extreme conditions. Hence, the teacher has to ensure a suitable 

environment and implement proper usage to maximise the lifespan of the electronic equipment. 

-  Design Time  To design a good and effective electronic presentation, the teacher needs to plan the electronic presentation using software design modules. So, enough time must be allocated to design a good and effective electronic presentation.